I. NATURE OF THE CASE 1. Plaintiffs DISH Network L.L.C., EchoStar Technologies L.L.C., and NagraStar LLC (collectively, “DISH Network”) filed this action against Defendant Mourad Latreche (“Defendant”) for unlawfully circumventing DISH Network’s security system and intercepting encrypted, copyrighted, subscription-based DISH Network satellite television programming. Defendant accomplished this in part by subscribing to a pirate television service called NFusion Private Server (“NFPS”). This service provided Defendant with the control words or “keys” that are needed to decrypt DISH Network’s satellite signal and view DISH Network programming without having authorization from and without making payment to DISH Network.